Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an Organization

Factors Influencing Individual Behaviour in an OrganizationQ. (a) how do exclusive differences and environmental factors influence charitable behavior in an cheek? rationalise your answer with examples.(b) A manufacturing comp any(prenominal) making automotive parts finds that workers on the job(p) on the assembly line get hold of poor att sackance, leave for home primaeval and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by steering to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles.Organizational BehaviourIs a field of study which explores the impact that individuals, groups and structures have on behaviour deep down organizations for the purpose of applying such knowledge towards improving organizations effectiveness.Importance of Organization behaviourOB is going to explain the cause-and effect relati onship to modify behaviour for organisational require. Here no two tender beings will behave in an identical manner. OB seeds to explore certain consistencies in behaviour, in order to get ahead a rational understanding of behaviour and several(prenominal) degree of predictability.Approaches in Organizational BehaviourFactors Influencing Human BehaviorIn order to address mankindkind factors in workplace safety settings, peoples capabilities and limitations must first be understood. The modern working environment is very different to the settings that gays have evolved to deal with. The pastime human characteristics that raise lead to difficulties interacting with the working environment.Attention -The modern workplace can overload human attention with enormous amounts of information, far in dissipation of that encountered in the intrinsic world. The way in which we learn information can help reduce demands on our attention, but can sometimes create merely problemsPerce ption -In order to interact safely with the world, we must correctly perceive it and the dangers it holds. Work environments often challenge human perception systems and information can be misinterpreted.Memory -Our capacity for remembering things and the methods we impose upon ourselves to access information often put undue pressure on us. Increasing knowledge about a subject or process allows us to retain more information relating to it.Logical reasoning -Failures in reasoning and decision making can have severe implications for complex systems such as chemical plants, and for tasks like maintenance and planning.Environmental, organizational and job factors, in brief, influence the behavior at work in a way which can affect health and safety. A simple way to view human factors is to think about three aspects the individual, the job and the organization and their impact on peoples health and safety-related behavior.Following figures shows that all three are interlinked and have mut ual influenceThe typical examples of immediate causes and contributing factors for human failures are given belowIndividual factorslow skill and competence leveltired staffbored or disheartened staffindividual medical problemsJob factorsillogical design of equipment and instrumentsconstant disturbances and interruptionsmissing or unclear instructionspoorly maintained equipmenthigh workloadnoisy and acerbic working conditionsOrganisation and management factorspoor work planning, leading to high work pressurelack of safety systems and barriersinadequate responses to previous incidentmanagement based on one-way confabulationsdeficient co-ordination and responsibilitiespoor management of health and safetyPoor health and safety culture.It is concluded that the performance of human is being strongly influenced by organizational, regulatory, cultural and environmental factors affecting the workplace.For example, organizational processes constitute the breeding grounds for many predictabl e human errors, including inadequate communication facilities, ambiguous procedures, unsatisfactory scheduling, insufficient resources, and unrealistic budgeting in fact, all processes that the organization can control.What is Perception?How we view and interpret the events and situations in the world about us.FACTORS INFLUENCING comprehensionPerception is influenced by mainly three sets of factorsi) Factors in the perceiver (perceiver variables)ii) Factors in the target (subject characteristics)iii) Factors in the situation (situational variables).Factors in the perceiver include following issuesSelf- theory of the perceiverAttitudes of the perceiverMotives of the perceiverInterests of the perceiverExperience of the perceiverExpectations of the perceiver.Factors in the target include following issuesPhysical appearanceVerbal and Nonverbal Communication perspectiveOccupationsPersonal characteristicsNovelty of the targetMotion of the targetSounds of the targetSize of the targetBackg round of the targetFactors in the situation include following issues amicable contextOrganisational roleWork settingLocation of eventTime.Collectively, these three sets of factors determine our perceptions about others.(b)A manufacturing company making automotive parts finds that workers working on the assembly line have poor attendance, leave for home early and are generally unproductive. They are fully unionized and resist any attempts by management to discipline them. If you are the HR Manager of such a company, what would you do? Discuss with reference to theories of motivation, leadership, participative management and quality circles. pauperizationMotivationThe process that account for an individuals intensity, direction and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. necessarily + Droves + IncentivesTypes of motivesPrimary motivesSome motives are un learned physiologically based such motives are termed as physiological, biological, un learned or primary motives.Ex Hunger , Thirst, Sleep, Sex, Avoidance of Pain, Maternal ConcernGeneral MotivesNumber of motives, which can neither, be classified as primary, or degrade-ranking that can be referred to as general motives. Motive must be unlearned but not physiologically oriented.Ex Curiosity, Manipulations, Activity Motives, Affection motives, Love, Concern, Feelings. standby MotivesQuite a few of the essence(predicate) human motives fall in this category. The important motives of Power, achievement, and affiliation are all secondary motives.LeadershipLeadership can be defined as the ability to influence a group towards, the attainment of pre-determined goals.Traditional Theories of LeadershipTrait TheoriesDifferentiate leaders from non-leaders by revolve abouting on personal qualities and characteristicsExtraversion has strongest relation to leadershipConscientiousness and Openness to Experience also strongly related to leadershipAgreeableness and Emotional stability are not correlated with leadersh ip.Behavioral TheoriesBehaviors can be taught traits cannotLeaders are trained not bornMaslows read HierarchySelfactualization Needs self-assertion NeedsSocial Needs or Belonging and love and affection of necessitySecurity NeedsPhysiological Need or Basic NeedsAccording to Maslow, certain concepts are relevant for understanding the needs. They are pre-potency, deprivation, domination, gratification and activation. Pre-potency is the strength associated with the needs.Physiological needs have greater pre-potency. Deprivation is the perception of an obstacle for satisfaction of a need. Thus, deprived need has high pre-potency. Domination is attaching importance to a need. A deprived need dominates the individual. In order to reduce dissonance associated with the deprivation, individuals try to gratify by undertaking some action. Therefore, gratification is the satisfaction of the need. Gratified need does not dominate. At the end, activation of need determine motivation. Need sat isfaction activates the needs from one level to next higher(prenominal) levels. Maslow believes that these repeat as a cycle until the highest level need is at ease. Based on the concept Maslow identified five categories of needs and their role in motivating individuals. They are described below1) Physiological NeedsBasic and primary needs require for human existence are physiological needs. They relate to biological and are required for preservation of basic human life. These needs are Identified to the human organ in the body. They are finite needs. They must be satisfied repeatedly until human beings die. They are not associated with money alone. They are hunger, thirst, sleep, shelter, sex, and other bodily needs. The proposition relating to the basic needs is that they are primary motivators to any individual and once they are satisfied, they no longer cause. The next level need becomes important for satisfaction until the basic need is dormant. Provision of adequate moneta ry rewards to satisfy these needs motivate employees in organisations.2) Safety NeedsIndividuals seek protection from natural environment, biological danger, economic deprivation and emotional threat from other beings and animals. For this purpose, he wishes security for himself. The protection may be in the form of seeking a shelter and forming into primary groups to combat threat from the natural beings. The motivational proposition are that the safety needs dominate as soon as physiological needs are satisfied, and after individual seeks to satisfy fairly the security needs they do not motivate him. In order to motivate employees, organisations exit fringe benefits, health and accident insurance, housing loans, etc.3) Social NeedsBasically individual is a social being. He cannot live in isolation and silence. Thus, he intends to establish relationship with other human beings and some times wish to rear animals. Social needs emerge from the basic urge of individuals to associate , croak with others, make friendship, make companionship, desire to be accepted by others and seek affection. These needs are secondary in nature. The propositions relating to social needs are that these needs are satisfied by symbolic behaviour and through physic and psychic contact with others in the society. They are substantially infinite and exist until the end of human life. Organisations should provide scope for formation of informal groups, encourage working in teams, and provide scope for interpersonal communication, interpersonal relationships and interpersonal understanding to motivate employees.4) Esteem NeedsMaslow believes that people seek growth. They have natural desire to be identified and respected by others. This instinct is called as esteem. Esteem needs are associated with self-esteem and esteem from others. The need for power, self respect, autonomy, self confidence, achievement, recognition of competence, knowledge, desire to have freedom, status and secure a ttention of others, appreciation are some of the esteem needs individual wishes to satisfy. Maslow identified them, as higher order needs. The nature of esteem needs is that they are dormant until basic, security and social needs are fairly satisfied. gratification of esteem needs produce a feeling of self-confidence, strength, capability and adequacy in the individuals.5) Self-actualization NeedsSelf-actualization is transformation of perception and trance into reality. Individuals have inner potential to do something different from others. Realising the full inner potential, one wishes to become what he is capable of becoming. Attaining to the level of fulfilment of selfactualization needs is a difficult task as individuals are not clear about their inner potentials until an opportunity is perceived. Moreover these needs change with a change in human life. The intensity of self-actualization changes over life cycle, vary from person to person and environment.The following proposi tions are made about the motivation of individuals based on the Maslow pecking order of needs.i) Five needs are classified into lower order needs and higher order needs. While physiological, safety and security needs are lower order needs, esteem and self actualization needs are higher order needs.ii) Lower order needs are satisfied externally and higher needs are satisfied internally.iii) Individuals start satisfying lower order needs first and proceed to satisfy higher order needs later.iv) No need is fully satisfied during the life period of individuals. A need substantially satisfied no longer motivates.v) A need when substantially satisfied produces satisfaction and it becomes dormant. Immediately the next level need becomes active. So Individual is continuously motivated to satisfy unsatisfied needs. So, motivation is a continuous process.vi) Satisfaction of lower order needs does not produce contentment. In fact, they produce discontentment to satisfy other needs.vii) Not al l individuals have the same precession to satisfy the needs. Priorities differ from land to country and from situation to situation.viii) Individuals are aggressive in the satisfaction of basic needs and un intelligence demands the satisfaction. However, they use social consciousness in the satisfaction of other needs.Maslows need hierarchy theory of motivation was considered logical and simple to understand human motivation. The theory has received attention of practicing managers as they feel that identification of needs of employees provides an insight to motivate them. This theory suggested that giving same reward more than individuals desire will have diminishing peripheral utility. This has specific significance to the practicing manager.Leadership Human BehaviorAs a leader, you need to interact with your followers, peers, seniors, and others whose support you need in order to accomplish your goals. To net their support, you must be able to understand and motivate them. T o understand and motivate people, you must know human nature. Human nature is the common qualities of all human beings. People behave according to certain principles of human nature.Human needs are an important part of human nature. Values, beliefs, and customs differ from country to country and even within group to group, but in general, all people have a few basic needs. As a leader you must understand these needs because they can be powerful motivators.Characteristics of self-actualizing peopleHave better perceptions of reality and are comfortable with it.Accept themselves and their own natures.Lack of artificiality.They focus on problems outside themselves and are concerned with basic issues and eternal questions.They like privacy and tend to be detached.Rely on their own development and move growth.

Asphyxiation Essay -- Personal Narrative Writing

Asphyxiation The Vancouver Sun later confirmed the events of that night two hikers erect two dead bodies at Camper Creek on the West Coast Trail on the sixth of May 1998. The article didnt say who the hikers were, nor did it say who the dead Native Americans were, for what would the world do with those four meaningless names? None of the four was famous, beautiful, or rich just normal mountain drawn together on one particular night. The encounter was determined by two simple factors the step on it of the hikers along the soggy trail and the speed of leaking gas that asphyxiated two men in a patrol cabin. The hikers never knew the two indigenous people, except for what they wore that night, what booze they drank, and what side they slept on. And those simple exposit were just enough to make the dead bodies Human capable of joking, singing, fighting, and eating. So the sudden termination of these lives confused the hikers, for they werent sure what they should feel about the shoemakers last of two strangers. The hikers stared and stared at the bodies, perhaps feeling sadness for the friends, parents, and lovers of these men, but feeling only emptiness for the men themselves. They were just two more anonymous faces, glacial in their final dreams and nothing more than dead. I. Dididat NationsPeople have lived on Vancouver Island since the last ice age, when the Bering Strait froze and allowed human passage from Asia to North America. The Pacific northwesterly tribes thrived for thousands of years in this rich ecosystem, where trees grow to such vast sizes that a hollow trunk may hold twenty people without much trouble. For thousands of years, the woodwind remained a bountiful network of life moss and lichens crept over every tree... ...we found the bodies, yet the crashing blue-green water spins me into a reality that is worlds away from the sight of fast men. Im not sure if this is healing or forgetfulness all I can be certain of is the bite of the water on my skin and the dropping sun. I stare at my hand under the surface of the water, fascinated by how far away it looks and by the deep blue color of my fingernails. That hand isnt a part of my body, how can it be, it is deep in the water, opening and closing experimentally as water crashes on top of it. I want to leave it there, ever feeling the numbing water, forever fighting the currents that would wash it out to the Pacific Ocean. But then my arm moves, lifts my hand, and I realize it is mine, as are my legs and toes and stiff matted hair. And the water keeps falling, pounding, rushing and I just stand there, staring, watching, waiting.

Engine Efficiency Essay -- physics internal combustion engine

Ever since the invention of the internal combustion railway locomotive, scientists and engineers have worked to increase its efficiency. As it stands now, the average internal combustion locomote engine only converts roughly 20% of its energy into useful motivational power. Most of the rest is expended through heat loss in various locations. The cooling system in an automobile is used to remove heat from all the moving separate so that they can still function properly without melting, seizing, or overheating. If an engine was ideal, it would release no heat because all of its energy would be converted into the power transferred to the wheels, but no such engine exists in reality. With all the many moving parts that must remain in contact with one another (in order to maintain compression and prevent various other leaks), friction is inevitable and thus, so is heat. Therefore, the cooling system in the car is exceedingly important. The way it works is basically a simple m atter of heat transfer. Water cooled vehicles use a combination of air and liquid cooling mechanisms, routing coolant hoses past the hotter parts of the engine so that heat can transfer from the engine parts into the coolant, which then goes stand into the radiator to be cooled off by the incoming air. Air cooled vehicles typically have large fans installed strategically on the engine and heat dissipating fins on the heads. What may make sense as a surprise to some is that the heater in the cab of your car is actually a part of the cars cooling system. Heat that is removed from the engine is simply piped into the cab so that the driver doesnt freeze to death in the midriff of winter. The removal of this heat draws colder air into the engine compartment... ... rather have sporty air, myself...Conclusion It may seem as though there are no significant benefits to the inefficiencies of internal combustion engines. After all, they waste fuel, resources and money they grime th e environment and create potential health risks and to some people, too much can go wrong with them to ever make them worth trying to understand. I, however, willing always stand by my love of the painstakingly choreographed dance that takes place within acombustion engine all the parts working in time to create a glorious, gas-guzzling, ozone depleting, peace disturbing chunk of steel, rubber, glass and aluminum that can go 0-60 in a matter of mere seconds. And I would like to hear anyone curse the inefficient heat loss of their engine when it is pumping 70 air into a -40 cab at 6 a.m. in the middle of Fairbanks frigid winter.

A Delicate Balance by Edward Albee Proposal Essay -- delicate balance,

My proposal to the class is the play A Delicate offset by Edward Albee. It is a psychologic in ally ground drama dealing with the issues and complexities of upper-middle-class suburb dwellers. There are six characters, including two men and four women. All of the characters are in an adult mature range.The plot of the play takes place in the living room of Agnes and Tobias, a middle-aged married couple as their life is disrupted by the approach path and going of friends and family with many problems to face. The story opens with Agnes and her husband discussing madness and how easy it would be to go insane. Agnes suddenly finds the notion silly, remembering that she has her husband to take care of, so she cannot go mad. Agnes younger sister, Claire, lives with the couple permanently. She is an alcoholic. Drinking serves as a motif throughout the play, many of the characters holding drinks most of the time. In conversation, Claire predicts the ending of Agnes and Tobias troubled daughter, Julias fourth marriage. Soon Agnes announces that Julia will be coming home because her marriage, in fact, has ended. Tobias then tells the story of a cat he once had that he had to stick down because it no longer liked him. Following this, Harry and Edna arrive. They are Tobias and Agnes best friends. They ask if they can stay in the house for a objet dart to escape some unnamed fear.In act two, the scene begins with Agnes and Tobias discussing the fact that Harry and Edna will be occupying Julias old room. This upsets Julia, and she makes this known to Tobias. Tobias brings up all of Julias failed marriages. Julias brother, who died at a young age, is brought to light. Claire enters and nags Julia about her disordered life. Julia retorts about Cla... ...t are relevant to everyone. They are universal existing throughout human being and throughout the ages. People could be touched, moved, and changed by this piece. Im a total advocate for that. Theatre is to disturb t he comfort and comfort the disturbed, right? I love that quote. This, I think, would cause a few comfortable people to call their own lives and sanity into question. It would also remind the insane that they are and then not alone or really crazy at all. We all have issues. They are just not as good at hide it as the rest of society. It may be a challenge, but I say we go for it. Maybe well even be surprised.The awards A Delicate Balance has won are as follows 1967 Pulitzer Prize for Drama, 1996 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Revival of a Play, 1996 Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play, and a nominating address for the 1967 Tony Award for Best Play.

Speech on Euthanasia -- Euthanasia is Murder

Speech on Euthanasia I stand in the lead you today in confrontation. I stand before you today equal to whatever man. I stand before you today with a challenge I challenge any man who deems, their morals, their ethics, their beliefs, their conscience nice to find themselves fit to judge others. I challenge any man who deems himself fit to pass judgement upon anothers support. I challenge any man who believes they can play god. I challenge any man who believes in euthanasia. How can you believe in something you cannot justify? There is no plea in euthanasia so how can it even be considered to be preformed, how could anyone ever justify the taking of anothers life. A mercy cleanup is the literal definition of the word euthanasia, tell me, where is the mercy in killing. Death and remove digest no variations, no catalysts or pathways leading around them, murder and expiry ar what they are. Therefore how can anyone make that decision, the decision u pon anothers life? What could ever drive a person to believe they call for a power others do not, the power of life and death. That they can decide who recognizes and who dies, and by what aspects can they base such a decision? Whether a life is worthy or not, whether they are using life justly or just wasting it, are they just a drain on society, are they productive in society. By that analysis of life any person who has no job and so drains on society, any person who has no affirmative aspect on life should be killed? Is that their idea? That just because the body cannot perform a duty then the mind is not worth its life. They verbalize that they can no longer produce commodities, they are like an old m... ...nasia can be a lazy option. Doctors may never realise they have anything to learn. Few things are more rewarding to me than visiting someone dying at home, relieving pain and other symptoms so the person can start to live again. Restoring dign ity, quality of life and giving people back control over their lives is far better than fatal injections. Most people are visibly meliorate when they are told euthanasia is not an option. When symptoms are properly controlled, fears dealt with, practical help is provided and people feel safe, it is very rare for people to ask again for death by euthanasia. No my companions, we will not give up, we will not frail away from the fight, we will stand firm and oppress that which is euthanasia, we will not let it be legalised, for to legalise euthanasia would be to legalise murder.

Trust Thy Self :: essays research papers

Trust ThySelfTo believe your own thought, to believe that what is true for you in your private heart is true for wholly men, -- that is recordYour genuine action will explain itself, and will explain your other genuine actions. Your conformity explains nothingA man should learn to detect and watch that gleam of light which flashes across his mind from within, more than the lustre of the firmament of bards and sages. Yet he dismisses without notice his thought, because it is his. In every work of genius we recognize our own rejected thoughts they come back to us with a certain alienated majesty.Trust thyself every heart vibrates to that iron string. Accept the step forward the divine providence has found for you, the society of your contemporaries, the connection of events. Great men give always done so, and confided themselves childlike to the genius of their age, betraying their perception that the absolutely accredited was seated at their heart, working through their hands, predominating in all their being. (Trust who and what you are)No law can be sacred to me but that of my nature.What I must do is all that concerns me, not what the people thinkIt is the harder, because you will always find those who think they know what is your duty better than you know it. It is easy in the homo to live after the worlds opinion it is easy in solitude to live after our own but the great man is he who in the middle of the crowd keeps with perfect sweetness the independence of solitude. (Peer Pressure)The other terror that scares us from self-trust is our consistency a reverence for our past act or word, because the eyes of others have no other data for computing our orbit than our past acts, and we are loath to disappoint them.But perception is not whimsical, but fatal human race is timid and apologetic he is no longer upright he dares not say I think, I am, but quotes some saint or sage. (Given up on self)Insist on yourself never imitateExcept yourselfThere is a t ime in every mans education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance that imitation is suicide that he must take himself for better, for worse, as his portion that though the wide universe is full of good, no total of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of ground which is given to him to till.

Britney Spears Essay -- Biography

Modern society has made a sub-culture that lives in a reality that is not real. It is so far from the truth that the inhabitants of this sub-culture so often cannot live in both realities and have become a spectacle for others to marvel at. This sub-culture is made up of go intainers, millionaires, and athletes. The people in this group can range from newborns to death and some live on well after. The specimens that I find an interest in be the young ones that enter into this society not knowing well that their lives will never be the same. Britney Spears was just another victim of the society that brings into their prison.Britney Spears was born on December 2, 1981. She lived in Kentwood, Louisiana and was constantly performing in front of people and always wanted to be on Star Search. Britney tried out for the New Mickey abstract Club at age 8 and then again at 11 and made it. Then she went solo because her talent was evident and she wanted more (A & E Television Networks, 201 1).Britney was very roaring from 1998 to 2000. During these socio-economic classs, things were changing for her. Britney was telling people about her remaining a virgin until marriage yet she was posing in pictures that convinced people to think otherwise. Her albums still continued to sell in the United States as well as in Europe. She embarked on many successful roads through 2003 (Wikipedia, 2011). Her public finally saw her as a woman not a girl.In 2002, Britney and her boyfriend Justin Timberlake broke up. The following year during the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, Britney and former fellow Mouseketeer Christina Alguilera kissed Madonna sensually (A&E Television Networks, 2011). Madonna has been a major influence in Britneys life. Ever since she was a... ...ality disarray is not extreme as it could be from the information that could be found. Because of this, there may be hope that she could live without medication and lonesome(prenominal) therapy. This would be determine as she progresses. Having a stable support system may enable Britney to go back into the singing again but I would recommend that she only does this for small blocks of time. So many young people go into the entertainment business. Most of them do not know that without a support system to dungeon them grounded and stable their mental development can be compromised. The society that we place so in high spirits in our culture and deem worthy of such high praise, eat our children alive. They grow too fast, have to defend themselves constantly, and are watched around the clock. As a society, we must take a look at what we are doing to the people in the entertainment industry.