Heredity in a Doll’s House Essay

One major topic incorperated in Henrik Ibsen’s play A Doll House is the influence of heredity on a person. Ibsen seems to think that heredity is responsible for all faults in a person’s existence. Even what modern-day scientists would classify as environemental factors are ocnsidered heredity in Ibsen’s play. The first discussion of inheretid traits comes barely a dozen pages into the play. Helmer is telling Nora how she is a spendthrift: You’re an odd little one. Exactly the way your father was. . . . It’s deep in your blood. Yes, those things are hereditary, Nora. Most of the discussions having to do with heredity seem to be accusing the person of inheriting an ill-suited trait. This could be because in general people want to appear as though everything good that happens to them is a direct result of something they themselves did. Anything bad that happens is always someone else’s fault. Also, characters in the story place such credence upon the concept of heredity that one does not want to give his sons a bad start in life due ot his bad â€Å"genes. † Krogstad is an example: â€Å"My boys are growing up. For their sakes, I’ll have to win back as much respect as possible here in town. † Helmer, perhaps more than any other character, puts much faith into this system. He remarks, â€Å"Because that kind of atmosphere of lies infects the whole life of a home. Every breath the children take in is filled with the germs of something degenerate. Further, â€Å"Oh, I’ve seen it often enough as a lawyer. Almost everyone who goes bad early in life has a mother who’s a chronic liar. † Heredity plays a large part in setting up the belief systems of the characters such that the background provided in the first act carries through to its eventual conclusion in the final act. The power of heredity ot shape the play is shown by the last li ne of the first act, uttered by Nora: â€Å"Hurt my children—! Poison my home? That’s not true. Never. Never in all the world. â€Å"

A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements Essay

Advertising is all around us, we cannot avoid it, in the car on the street the train and the Internet, even in aeroplanes. Advertisements are around us in every type of media: television, radio and the written word, it is everywhere. It is one of the most influential factors in our lives and effects the way we think about companies and their products. For example the new Jaguar X-Type television adverts are aimed at the younger ‘X Generation’ so to interest high earning young men and women. Display advertising comprises of images and text and would be found on billboards, magazines and in shop windows among other places. The images and text are purposefully arranged to persuade us to associate the product with a certain lifestyle. Obviously not all types of advertising appeal to everyone, so target audience is essential in portraying the image of the product and quality. I will be comparing two display advertisements, both of which are from the January 2002 issue of the new technologies magazine T3. Both advertisements are for new electronic devices, a flat screen television from Samsung and the digital camcorder made by Sony. In the following comparison, you will be able to see the way these advertisements effect our lives and the products we buy. In the Samsung advertisement, there is a blurred image of a businessman standing alone on a tropical beach. His trousers are rolled up and he has a jacket slung casually over his shoulder. This man is obviously an executive businessman with a high paying job, the reason for this, I believe, is that you would have to earn a lot of money to have enough disposable income to afford the product. The man is relaxing on the beach looking out towards the sea to give an impression of freedom. He is standing casually portraying an image of complete relaxation, carelessness and mellowness. There are no props in the image to add to the felling of simplicity. All this is very much in contrast with the Sony camcorder advertisement. The Sony advertisement there is an image of a man skydiving with another person filming him with the product, the digital camcorder. The man skydiving has a look of exhilaration and elation upon his face, all of this adds to the image of the product giving you a fast paced and exciting lifestyle. This advertisement is a bit of a lie though; it would be practically impossible to shoot the man skydiving and would cost far too much. So Sony have employed another company that sell images and bought an image of a man skydiving and then the graphic designers would have superimposed the image of a hand holding the product. This gives the image of the man actually being recorded while skydiving. In the Sony advertisement the image on the LCD screen of the product is a big close up of the skydiver. This type of camera angle was used to create an intimate relationship with the target audience, also it creates an image of an ‘in your face’ and raw, ‘full on’ lifestyle. Outside of the image of the man’s face it is a long shot because you can see the skydiver’s whole body, however apart from the skydiver and the other person’s hand, which is a close up, there is a lot of ‘white space’, in this example the sky. The person holding the camcorder is in full focus but the rest of the advertisement is slightly blurred, this makes the product stand out. There are two slogans Shoot it, Send it, Pull Ripcord’ which is a three part list and an imperative and ‘go create’, which is an imperative. The first slogan is solely for the camcorder and is positioned in the top left which is the first thing you would look at, secondly the universal Sony slogan in the bottom right, the last thing you would look at. The slogans are in very understated fonts very similar to Arial, Times New Roman or Tahoma; this plays down the slogans and putting emphasis on the skydiver. In the Samsung television advertisement we find that the camera angle is a long shot of the businessman and the beach, this adds to the impression of ease a complete lack of cares in the world this product could create. The only clear and crisp part of the advertisement is the image of the product: the flat screen television, this helps to promote the product as you look at the advertisement. The product slogan ‘mix business with pleasure’ is positioned in the top right but is in a larger font than the Sony advertisement so that it occupies a much larger area of the advertisement. It is in a very rounded font similar to Square 721 Cn BT to add to the relaxed feel of the advertisement. ‘Mix business with pleasure’ is a play on words and a two part contrast. Also in the Samsung Electronics advertisement there is the universal Samsung slogan: ‘Samsung Digitall, everyone’s invited’ this is a two part contrast and an imperative. This advertisement is not as interestingly arranged and the universal Samsung Electronics slogan is not linked in with the product whereas the Sony advertisement has a series of circles showing what the product can do and in the final circle is the slogan. Because we in class only had black and white photocopies of the advertisements I cannot comment on the use of colour. In the Sony advertisement the whole feel of the image is one of a fast paced and action packed lifestyle, this however is in complete contrast with the Samsung television advertisement which is laid back and relaxed. The use of connecting the product to a certain type of lifestyle is used in almost all display advertisements and changes the passer by’s perception of the product and company. Peter Atkin Sunday 31st March 2002 A Comparison of Two Types of Display Advertisements.

Film Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 8

Film Analysis - Essay Example While at the city, Daniel acts as a choir conductor and this earns him so much fame due to his proficiency in teaching choir members how to alternate their voices and how to sing in harmony. While teaching the choir in the city, Daniel urges the members to work as a team and not as competing parties. In the city, Daniel plans his undertakings with so much ease because he performs what he feels like. During this time, Daniel has enough money that enables him to conduct his planning activities effectively. While at the city, Daniel is jovial and freely interacts with people who surrounds him and this gives him the morale to plan for more activities and to visit more churches and institutions to aid various choir groups in coming up with good and appealing music (Brussat 2009). His ties with the high and mighty at the urban center makes Daniel a center of attraction especially from women who find him to be loving and easy to work with. Many city dwellers in Sweden envy how Daniels plans his activities in a simultaneous way and this acts as an inspiration to many people. During his conducting activities, Daniel encounters a heart attack that drastically alters his plans and activities. Being unable to plan his activities effectively, Daniel retires to his rural home in Norrland in Northern Sweden where he settles at their home that his mother leaves him before her death when Daniel was of tender age. It is at their rural home that Daniel’s plans undergo great alterations. First, the protagonist does not want to associate with others and he locks up himself in the house the whole day. This inconveniences his activities so much given that he is of ill health and unable to socialize with the people he is fond of. The arrival of this character to their hometown evokes so much suspicion, interest and curiosity from the residents of Norrland. However,

Prestigious Fast Food Restaurant -Burger King Research Paper

Prestigious Fast Food Restaurant -Burger King - Research Paper Example Moreover, Burger King encourages and lets users customize the exclusive flame-broiled burgers with choices and so many options to their liking. This makes a healthy and strong relationship between Burger King and the user. The fast food also has the benefit of offering different items and the customer benefits by having several burger options. Burger King has expanded their menu but still, they have remained true to their unique and original flame-broiled burgers. This flame-broiled gives them benefit over other fast food chains. Burger King is providing with one of the best customer service, menu selection, cleanliness, and healthy choices. If the atmosphere of a dining area is interesting, more people will want to eat there. That is one of the major reasons that draw in more customers to Burger King. By mid-2009, Burger King was not in any of the following countries: Pakistan, India, Nigeria, South Africa and France. But now they are expanding their more and have some branches in t hese countries as well. In looking for new countries to enter, Burger King needs to find more countries to expand that is suitable ideally. They should go for the countries with higher populations and preferably youth and concentrations of urban activity. Local diets containing high feasting of beef would be inspiring and encouraging because their signature products are made of beef. In addition, areas which are safe, sustain the politically stable business environment and have available capital are ideal. Burger King Restaurants are mainly known for the type of food they serve, which is typical fast food consisting of chicken sandwiches and hamburger. Side dishes contain the standard French fries, but they also have healthier options such as apple fries. Children attending birthday parties at Burger King get cardboard crowns to wear on their heads. Burger King is an international company with a franchise location throughout the world. There are locations in each of the 50 states in the United States, and in 69 other countries. The total number of locations worldwide is 11,200 with over 11 million guests visiting Burger King on a daily basis, according to Burger King's website. Burger King competes with all types of food retailers on the basis of prices, food qualities, convenience and customer services. 1.1 Competitive Advantage Burger King has been in direct competition with burger giant McDonald's since Burger King's inception in the 1950's. It is at present the number two burger chain in the world behind McDonald's. Other direct competitors of Burger King are Yum and Wendy's In order to attract new customers and to remain competitive, Burger King is continuing its market expansion strategy. Adopting a competitive strategy in an organization will convey value to your consumers and the community. Burger King is competing in the dynamic food retail industry. Customers have a variety of choices of food. Differences that Burger King attempt are obvious, by real izing the need of their customers, and the drive for a reasonable burger with a large amount of meeting. Burger King is functioning to take advantage of the market shares and increase the revenue across countries. In addition, the fast food industry is still the leading food retail sector in the United States and this attracts lots of local and regional companies to join the industry.  Ã‚  

The Role of Women in Japan and Middle East Research Paper

The Role of Women in Japan and Middle East - Research Paper Example This essay will discuss the impact of globalization on different types of families in different societies and cultures. The terms ‘traditional’, ‘modern’ and ‘postmodern’ will be defined, elaborated upon and discussed on a continuum of change. Social change, in the face of globalization, will be discussed with relation to how cultures and families have grown or resisted the forces of globalization. We now turn to an exploration of the types of families in the world and follow with a concise description of the American family of today. Ranging from ‘traditional’ to ‘postmodern’, there are a variety of family forms in this world. For the theoretical purposes of this essay, a family will be defined as â€Å"two or more people who are in a relationship created by birth, marriage or choice.† (Roopnarine & Gielen 33). There are a multitude of family forms and family types across the globe and the global family is a social unit in a constant state of evolution. The ‘traditional’ family is a heterosexual, nuclear family headed by two parents in which the husband is the primary breadwinner and the wife is the homemaker. On the far left side of the continuum of change, the traditional nuclear family model is widespread across the globe and represents a traditional gendered division of labour, both within the house as well as outside of the home. In the Western world, the traditional model is becoming less and less viable as many families require the incomes of both parents. Wom en’s increased education and employment prospects have made the transition from the traditional model to the modern familial model more and more prevalent in modern Western society (Bossen 128-133; Roopnarine & Gielen 32-34). As with the traditional family, the ‘modern family’ is nuclear in the sense that it involves the cohabitation of two heterosexual partners but differs in that it involves dual

Conceptual Map Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conceptual Map - Essay Example are business, system for reporting purposes, system for healthcare business intelligence for example data marts, data warehouses and online analytical processing (OLAP ) systems. Quality data collection enhances the quality of services offered as measured by a focus on patients’ needs, speed of response to enquiries and problems and accuracy of information. It also enhances quality of information as measured by timeliness, accuracy, accessibility, completeness, relatability, uniqueness and validity. Approaches for incorporating data quality into CRMs data warehouse include defining data quality expectations and metrics, which can be done by the use of metadata or data quality metrics, indentifying poor data and its limitations, assessing data quality limitation and improving data quality through human experts or state-of-the-art tools. Data integration is essential for unified view of the patients. It also allows combination o information on patients’ products and better understanding of patients’ needs and its findings are useful in planning, marketing and sales efforts. Data integration tools include statistical modeling, campaign management and data mining. All these lead to improved data quality and subsequently lead to improved results, reduced cost and informed healthcare decisions. They also improve patients’ acquisition and retention, enhance customer services, increase patients’ loyalty and preference and maximize the lifetime value of each patient. Alshawi, S. et al. (2003). Healthcare information management: the integration of patients’ data. Retrieved, February 26, 2009 from

Porter's Five-Force Analysis Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Porter's Five-Force Analysis - Case Study Example The first key external environmental issue in the PHARMAC case study is the importance of regulatory agencies and authorities. From the case study, three advisory committees are identified as the key regulatory factors. The Consumer Advisory Committee (CAC), the Pharmacology and Therapeutics Advisory Committee (PTAC), and the Cancer Treatment Sub Committee (CatSop) are all identifies as the key factors (Koster, Erakovic and Smith). These committees are the advisory boards to the various elements of the external environment and the decision-making organs of PHARMAC. The other key environmental factor identified is the political factor in the operations of PHARMAC. The decision that PHARMAC made; approving the nine-week trial Herceptin drug reflects the influence of vested shareholder interests in the decision-making process. The political element is particularly important for this analysis because of the vested interests of the parties. Roche industries can be identified as having som e political influence on the analysis and the decision-making process. Porter’s Five-Force Analysis An analysis of the case study can also be done using Porter’s five-force analysis, which is used to determine every facet of the organization ranging from the profitability to the competitive threat and power of the industry (Porter, 1998). The first part of the five-force analysis is the threat of new entrants into the industry, a factor that is deemed to increase the intensity of competition. From the case study, it can be concluded that there is no threat of new entrants into PHARMAC’s industry because it is a government sanctioned advisory agency. An analysis of the second element in Porter’s five-force analysis is focused on the power of suppliers, who, in this case, are identified as the drug company Roche. The case study indicates that the supplier of Herceptin had exceptional power in the market; therefore, the bargaining power was relatively high. The third factor of Potter’s five-force analysis is the bargaining power of buyers, who, in this case, are identified as the New Zealand population and the regulatory and advisory agencies. An analysis of these buyers indicate that they have relatively low power compared to the suppliers, hence the decision to fund the nine-week trial of the drug Herceptin. The threat of substitutes is also considered in the same way as the threat of new entrants. In the funding process of new drugs, the case study indicates that PHARMAC and MedSafe are the primary considerations; therefore, there is no credible threat of substitutes. The competitive rivalry within the industry, the last factor of the industry analysis, indicates that the various factions in the funding and approval industry have different bargaining powers. The drug industry is very costly; therefore, the different competitors in the industry are identified to need massive amounts of funding to succeed. The case study also i ndicates that the critical success factor in the industry is consultation and good relations between the key players in the industry. The case study reveals that PHARMAC made its decision to fund the limited trial period for Herceptin based on a cost-benefit analysis. The success of the decision-making process could have been varied if the firm had decided to perform prior consultation with the stakeholders. This can also be supported by the success of the drug in other countries and regions. The main critical success

Business Research -Data, variables and hypotheses Essay

Business Research -Data, variables and hypotheses - Essay Example Overtime allowances complement these benefits. Supplementing the workloads of employees with assistance from trained interns, who are enthusiastic to learn work builds employee morale. In USA, it has been found that 70% of workplaces face employee morale issues due to work overloads ((PR Newswire Association LLC, 2011). Stiff deadlines and workloads cause occupational stress to the staff of an organisation. When the paid leaves are limited, employees opt for unpaid time-offs in order to cope with the stress. Employee performances affect the profit levels of the organisation, as high performance levels guarantee organisational growth, along with all the other factors, as they are the people who deliver the actual work undertaken by their firm. It is human nature to expect compensation commensurate with employee performance, given the employee tenure and contribution to the organisation. The performance-based component of salary of employees is one such acknowledgement. When the quality of work performed is high and work tenure is running overtime, as in GrowthTech, employees tend to belittle their salaries and feel underpaid. The market rates and salaries offered by other firms are the other factors that contribute to feeling underpaid. This results in positive perception towards outside firms, when compared to his employer. PR Newswire Association LLC, Initials. (2011, May 17). Staff retention, employee morale, workloads, and health care costs are top workforce issues for state and local governments. Insurance News Net, Retrieved from http://www.insurancenewsnet.com/

Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Project - Essay Example The technology of the RRAS (Routing and Remote Access service) facilitates and supports the site-to-site and remote user data sharing and connectivity by making use of the VPN (virtual private network) or dial-up connections. A Routing and Remote Access service will offer XYZ Company’s end users facility regarding the remote access to our organizations network. Thus, staff will be able to create a site-to-site virtual private network connection among two servers at dissimilar locations. However we can have some of security related problems regarding the implementation of new Routing and Remote Access service technology (Microsoft, 2009) & (Microsoft, 2009). Question No-2: Project Goals: What are the business objectives (benefits and expected improvements) that will be achieved by completing this project? Is the problem/opportunities worth pursuing of RRAS? Through the implementation of the Routing and Remote Access service or RRAS technology we will have a lot of facilities regarding the corporate network data sharing and operational management. The main goals of XYZ Company regarding the Routing and Remote Access service or RRAS technology is to offer following facilities to business staff and management: However in case of new Remote Access service or RRAS technology establishment at XYZ Company we could face some problems regarding the data security and network privacy. In case of huge remote network connective we can face security threats from the outer world. For the successful technology implementation at XYZ Company we need to establish some of the fundamental key stones regarding the corporate technology infrastructure implementation. Below I have outlined some of following key stones regarding new technology infrastructure implementation at XYZ Company: By analyzing the overall project activities and operational tasks I have developed the complete budget plan for the project. In the above section I have mentioned

Some students have a background or story that is so central to their Essay - 3

Some students have a background or story that is so central to their identity that they believe their application would be incomplete without it. If this sounds like you, then please share your story - Essay Example My parents had to move because of their business trips and other work related issues, while I was to complete my education away from them. Constant moving was hindering my schooling and so they deemed it better if I stayed in a single place, even if it meant staying away from them. Often, we do not realize the sacrifices that our loved ones make for us and our mind just focuses on the negative aspects of it. I admit to having been through the same feelings where I focused more on the absence of my parents in my life. I used to think that they did not love me and that I was just an unwanted burden on their lives. When I used to look at the people around me and how children were happy with their parents, I felt awful from the inside. There was a void which my parents did not fill and the emptiness grew stronger with time. I resented being born many times. Whenever I came across families that were complete and children who were with their parents, not only did I feel sad but I used to g et jealous of them. I used to wonder a lot as to why I could not bond on such a level with my parents. The lack of influential figures in my life actually inflicted an empty wound. One day, I stumbled on the photographs of my parents when they were young. The photographs looked old but I could not help smiling at them because these photographs showed some of the happiest moments of my life. The photographs were of me and my parents in which I was very young, but I realized so were they. The youthfulness that my mother and father cherished had faded away by now and I realized the impact of time on them. At that very moment, something in me clicked and I concluded that I could not blame my parents for not being there for me. Love does not always require the physical presence of individuals but it is rather the linking of the souls. My parents got married after high school and they could not go to college. They had to work very

On the Meaning of Life - John Cottingham Essay Example for Free

On the Meaning of Life John Cottingham Essay What is our relationship with the universe – who are we and how did we come to be seems to be the ultimate question of the meaning of life. This question has always sparked powerful debates between the views of the religious and modern science. Many believe this topic is a one-sided issue where these views cannot co-exist with one another, either one’s a theist, believing in God as the soul creator and ruler of the universe or an atheist, disbelieving of a supreme being or beings. But in actuality, modern science does not count against the nature of a divine creator behind the universe. So as modern science offers an account of how things happened, religious beliefs account for a certain aspect of â€Å"why,† aiming towards finding significance and value. In On The Meaning of Life, John Cottingham argues in order to have meaning, you must not eliminate one theory from the other; modern science and religion must co-exist together. First, what’s the meaning of modern science, and why does it contribute to the meaning of life? Philosopher Rene Descartes believed in mechanism, a theory holding that organisms are machines in the sense that they are material systems, therefore explains biological processes, within the framework of science. In order to discover a fundamental set of principles that is â€Å"based ultimately on the universal laws of mathematical physics that governed the behavior of all natural phenomena, celestial and terrestrial alike,† (6) Descartes banish teleology (any system attempting to explain a series of events in terms of ends, goals, or purposes) from science. He believed in order to conceive this unified theory there was no room for purposiveness, and since this universal law was made of mathematical physics, â€Å"there was no attainable answer to the question why† (6). But Cottingham thinks if we were to achieve and complete a [super-theory linking gravity and quantum physics] together to answer the ultimate question, we still would [fall short of explaining why there should be a universe at all]. Cottingham’s belief is acceptable because if this super-theory was completed, that included all observable phenomena in the universe, this theory still would not answer the question to â€Å"why is it so. † This is where science has reached its limits. Religion takes off of where science can no longer be held accountable to the meaning of life. Why should there be a universe there to explain? Unlike the language of science, religious language â€Å"grapples with the task of addressing what cannot be fully captured by even the most complete scientific account of the phenomenal world† (8). Instead of finding significance in terms of physical quantities and mechanical interactions, religious language reflects on the universes power, beauty, rhythm, and harmony. Therefore, religious discourse pushes the limits of the observable, towards uncovering something beyond the phenomenal world, in hopes of giving meaning to the universe and to our human lives. Cottingham believes religion â€Å"adds a framework within which that nature is revealed as more than just a set of characteristics†¦ encourages us with the hope that the pursuit of virtue†¦ contributes to the establishment of moral order that the cosmos was created to realize† (72). In other words, the religious perspective offers a possibility for human purposeness by providing a powerful focus on moral goodness. Religious discourse is important because since science accounts for how the universe and humans were made. We feel that we are thrown into this world where nothing ultimately matters, but religion offers hope, value and significance towards life. After examining the different aspects modern science and religion brings to the ultimate question, Cottingham urges to combine the language of science and religion together in order to have meaning. Cottingham states â€Å"in strict logic there is nothing to prevent such a purely mechanical system (of efficient causality) coexisting with a purposive system (of final causality)† (48). Therefore we must not eliminate the possibility of the two systems (modern science and religion) existing together. Philosopher Leibniz’s envisioned a world of spiritual purposes functioning in harmony with the world of physical mechanisms. This is also known as blind mechanical systems, â€Å"whose outputs, at the same time, constitute the purpose planning and doings of conscious agents† (48). Believing mechanisms and purposes could together provide an instance in support of the ultimate question of the universe. In addition, Spinoza had a parallel vision to Leibniz. He believed the universe of physical mechanisms (under the attribute of extension) exactly corresponds to spiritual ideas linking meaning and purpose to a willed creator (under the attribute of thought). Thus, we are dealing with [one and the same thing but expressed in two ways]. This showed Cottingham that since there has been no evidence to favor modern science of being the explanation of a divine nature, it does not logically eliminate the possibility of a divine creator of its meaning. So where science accounts for our human nature and origin, saying we have no ultimate significance, spirituality offers human life a sense of value. Darwin’s theory of natural selection opposes the possibility of linking modern science and religion together in one system. In order to get a sense of what threatens the framework of religion, this is the standard account of our human nature and origin: About fourteen billion years ago, the cosmos†¦including matter, radiation, space and time somehow began, exploding from a tiny concentration of matter-space energy†¦gravitational effects caused matter to clump into hydrogen masses†¦fusing into helium. Explosions caused new heavier elements, which formed into plants. On at least one planet, a self-replicating molecule arose†¦evolved into living organisms, which diversified into all kinds of plants, animals, microbes etc. , all solely as a result of natural selection. After millions of years one such species became intelligent. Man is a product of these blind forces. The main conclusion from this theory is that the universe and everything in it is a result of natural selection, including humans therefore Nottingham presumes â€Å"there is no ultimate significance to the universe or to human life,† (42) throwing out the idea of any religious significance. Darwin believed that human origin came from a purely accidental chain of blind natural forces. His view gave no choice or purposiveness in the divine nature, because everything was an entirely impersonal process. But Cottingham argues although this discovery has been scientifically accounted for, it is based on interwoven interpretation, an â€Å"interpretation that goes far beyond the truths and hypotheses that pertain strictly to the natural science† (43). And that viewing religious thought as something able to be replaced by modern science is strictly a metathesis â€Å"-a claim that operates at one remove from the claims of science itself† (43). As a result, Darwin’s theory cannot be taken very seriously because the standard account of human nature and origin is dependent on interwoven interpretation that has exceeded far from the fundamental principles of science. In essence, in order to account for the meaning of life, one must not choose modern science over religion or religion over modern science. Having one theory over the other does not manifest to the ultimate question of the meaning of life. Instead, we must link the two frameworks, divine nature and creator into a unified system. In Cottinghams words, we â€Å"must leave the door open for the theist as indeed it does for the atheist. † For where modern science can be longer contribute its findings to the meaning of life, religious language ascends from it bringing significance and value to human life. Beckie Chung Dreaming of the Earth 4 November, 2007 Cottingham, John. On The Meaning of Life. New Fetter Lane: Routledge, 2003.

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments

Overview of Synthesis and Preparation Experiments Introduction: As we know, Manganese is found in the first row of transition metal with the electron configuration [Ar] 3d5 4s2. Besides that, Manganese has different type of oxidation states when it appears as a compound and the oxidation state is from Mn(-III) until Mn(VII). So, we know that the compounds of manganese range in the oxidation number have a different of 10 electrons. In the experiment 1, we prepare tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), Mn(acac)3 by using manganese(II) chloride tetrahydrate and potassium permanganate act as oxidation agent to oxidise manganese(II) chloride to acetylacetonemanganese(III). Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is an one- electron oxidant. Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is high spin. It has also a distorted octahedral structure. This distortion is due to the Jahn-Teller effect. (Absolute Astronomy, 2009). The structure of Manganese(III) acetylacetonate is shown as below:- (Source: Tcieurope.com) The equation is as follow:- MnCl2 + 4H2O Mn(H2O)4Cl2 Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O Furthermore, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is also known as Vanadyl acetylacetonate, VO(acac)2. As we know, it is a blue green complex. bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) has a vanadyl group, VO2+. The vanadyl group is bonded to 2 acetylacetonate anions and the structure of the compound is as follow:- This complex can be made from vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V). In our experiment, bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) was prepared from vanadium(V) oxide and the equation is as follow:- V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 (Absolute Astronomy, 2009) Besides that, both of the acetylacetonato (acac) groups of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are able to be exchanged with organic ligands having coordinating atoms of different potentialities. (Maurya, 2003) Both Manganese(III) acetylacetonate and bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) are bond with acetylacetonate which known as ligand. The precursor for acetylacetonate is acetylacetone with formula CÂ ­5H8O2. However, acetylacetonate is an anion. It can bind to corresponding cation but it very hard to exist as a free ion in solution. In addition, Cobalt is a hard, gray metal. It has a proton number 27. Besided that, there are two types of cobalt ions namely Co2+ and Co3+. First, Co3+ ion is more weaker than the Co2+ ion. However, the complex ion formed with higher oxidation state is more stable. ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.). So that, Cobalt(III) complexes are kinetically inert. Co3+ can undergo a process known as ligand exchange reactions slowly which compared to Co2+ complexes. The cobalt(III) complexes are usually in octahedral shape. In the experiment, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is being synthesized. The structure is as follow:- (Source: Chemicalbook.com) The complex is prepared by the oxidation of ammoniacal solution of cobalt(II) salts by using hydrogen peroxide. The formula is as follow:- Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 ( Â °zmir Institute of Technology, n.d.) Materials and Methods: Experiment one, 5g of MnCl2.4H20 1.3g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O NaC2H3O2.3H2O Dissolved in 200cm3 of distilled water. 21cm3 of 2HC5H7O2 slowly added 1g of KMnO4 Present of two-phase layer Solution A added in with stirring Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. 13g of NaC2H3O2.3H2O Solution B added in Solution A Solution B Dissolved in 50cm3 of distilled water. Heated with 60oC for 30 minutes Complex washed with acetone Solid complex filtered by suction Resultant solution was cooled with ice-cold water Experiment 2 Experiment 3 5 cm3 distilled water 4 cm3 concentrated H2SO4 10 cm3 ethanol Were added in. Recrystallise Results : For experiment 1, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the Mn(acac)3 solid complex by : Mn(H2O)4] Cl + 2HC5H7O2 + NaC2H3O2 Mn(C5H7O2)2 + NaCl + HC2H2O2 4Mn(C5H7O2)2 + KMnO4 + 7HC5H7O2 + HC2H3O2 5Mn(C5H7O2)3 + KC2H3O2 + 4H2O From the equation, we know that 1 mol of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 1 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. So, 5 g of Mn(H2O)4] Cl = 0.0308 mol is also = 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2. From the second equation, 4 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 5 mol of Mn(acac)3 0.0308 mol of Mn(C5H7O2)2 = 0.0385 mol. So, theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 0.0385 mol X 252.938 g/mol theoretical weight of Mn(acac)3 = 9.7381 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 8180 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.7785 g So, the experimental weight of Mn(acac)3complexes were 3.9605 g Percentage yield of Mn(acac)3complexes we get was = 3.9605 g / 9.7381 g X 100 % = 40.67 % Next, Magnetic moment of Mn(acac)3complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9278g- 0.8193g = 0.1085g Ro= -33 L = 2.4cm R= 1165 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of Mn(acac)3complexes = 2.65 X 10-5 So, Mn(acac)3complexes are paramagnetic Interpretation of IR spectrum for complexes will be written in discussion. For experiment 2, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complex by : Co2+ + NH4+ + 1/2H202 → [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ [Co(NH3)5H20]3+ + 3Cl- → [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 + H20 From the above equation, 1 mol of Co2+ = 1 mol of [Co(NH3)5H2O]3+ 12g of Co2+ = 0.0504 mol So 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5H20]3+= 0.0504 mol of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Theoretical weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 0.0504 mol X 250.433 g/mol = 12.6218 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14. 9285 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 22.3723 g So, the experimental weight of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 solid complexes = 7.4438 g Percentage yield of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = 7.4438 g / 12.6218 g X 100 % = 58.98 % Next, Magnetic moment of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.9264g- 0.8207g = 0.1057g Ro= -36 L = 2.1cm R= -41 (dimagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes = -9.9338 X 10-8 So, [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2complexes are dimagnetic For experiment 3, from the equation below, I can get the theoretical mass of the [Vo(acac)2(H2O)] solid complex by : V2O5 + 2H2SO4 + EtOH 2VOSO4 + 3H2O + CH3CHO VOSO4 + 2HC5H7O2 + Na2CO3 VO(C5H7O2)2 + Na2So4 + H2O + CO2 From the above equation, 1 mol of V2O5 = 2 mol of VOSO4 2g 0f V2O5 = 0.011 mol = 0.022 mol of VOSO4 2 mol of VOSO4 = 2 mol of VO(C5H7O2)2 Theoretical weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 0.022 mol X 264.94 g/mol = 5.8287 g The following shows the method to get our experimental weight: Weight of Sample tube 14.8445 g Weight of Sample tube + solid complex , Mn(acac)3 18.5818 g So, the experimental weight of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g Percentage yield of VO(C5H7O2)2= 3.7373 g / 5.8287 g X 100% = 64.12% Next, Magnetic moment of impure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8880g 0.8244 g = 0.0636g Ro= -34 L = 2.5cm R= 72 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) = [CBal X L X (R-Ro) ] / 109 X m X(g) of impure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 4.17 X 10-6 So, VO(C5H7O2)2complexes are paramagnetic Magnetic moment of pure VO(C5H7O2)2 complexes were calculated as follow : m = 0.8947g -0.8211 = 0.0736g Ro= -33 L = 2.3cm R= 144 (paramagnetic) CBal = 1 X(g) of pure VO(C5H7O2)2complexes = 5.53 X 10-6 Discussion : Interpretation of IR spectrum for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 2921.1 2959.7 -relative intensity : weak CH stretching of CH3 1593.9 1508.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C=CH) deformation 1387.2 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3)- symmetric C-H deformation 1253.5 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C) stretching -(C-CH3) stretching 1016.8 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) out-of plane bending 923.2 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching 777.0 -relative intensity : strong -(C-H)deformation 678.1 -relative intensity : medium/ strong -(C-CH3)stretching,(O=C-CH3) deformation -(Mn-O) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond 460.1 relative intensity : weak (C=C) stretching,(C-CH3) stretching -(Mn-O) stretching that also indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride: Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 3258.0 -relative intensity : strong NH3 stretch 1576.2 -relative intensity : medium -degenerate asymmetric NH3 stretching 1307.8 -relative intensity : strong -symmetric NH3 angle deformation 844.9 -relative intensity : strong -NH3 rocking 487.6 -(Co-Cl) stretching indicates metal-ligand bond Interpretation of IR spectrum for impure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): Wavenumber (cm-1) Description of bands 1556.8 1521.0 -relative intensity : medium (C=O) stretching -( C=C),(C=CH) stretching 1418.7 -relative intensity : medium -(CH3) deformation 1374.0 1357.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=O) stretching -(CH3) deformation mode 1286.6 -relative intensity : strong -(C=C=C) stretching 998.2 -relative intensity : strong and sharp -stretching of V=O bond -it also indicates the metal-ligand bond. 1018.6 -relative intensity : strong -(CH3) rocking 936.1 -relative intensity : strong -(C-CH3) stretching -(C=O) stretching 798.6 -relative intensity : medium -(C-H) out-of-plane bending 685.9 657.2 -relative intensity : medium/ weak -(ring) deformation out-of-plane bending for: 609.2 -(ring) deformation Interpretation of IR spectrum for pure bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV): FTIR is known as Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. This FTIR can be used to identify different types of chemical bond which is either organic compound or inorganic compound. So no two different compounds will have same spectrum. However, FTIR may cause destructive to our sample compare to magnetic susceptibility which is non-destructive. Besides that, magnetic susceptibility can be group by paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic. Paramagnetic substance is those attracted by strong magnetic field but those repelled by magnetic field are diamagnetic substances. Besides that, we can also confirm the shape by using magnetic susceptibility. The Cobalt ion to form Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride has 6 electron in d orbital. Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.9338 X 10-8 and it is diamagnetic. Only the low-spin octahedral shape shows diamagnetic properties, so the shape of chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is octahedral. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 X 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. So the shape of tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is octahedral. However we cannot determine whether is low-spin or high-spin in this situation because we are not calculating the pairing energy for the complex. In addition, there is only one electron in d orbital for vanadium ion of bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV). Magnetic susceptibility for it is 4.17 X 10-6 and it is paramagnetic. Moreover, oxovanadium complexes act as insulin mimetics, nucleolytic and anticancer. To recognize insulin- mimetic complexes, a simple and fast in-vitro assay is developed. Besides that, an accurate assessment of the cells taken up of glucose, in-vitro assay with Ehrlich can be used. The oxovanadium complexes can cleave DNA without the present of hydrogen peroxide. Then, its nucleolytic efficiency is also greater but it is affected by the choice of buffer and pH. The oxovanadium complexes is also an anticancer agent against human ovarian cancer. Actually, I have acquired a lot of new knowledge among these three experiments. First, experiment one and two are easier to carry out compared to experiment three. This is because experiment one and two involved oxidation which Mn2+ was oxidized to Mn3+ ; Co2+ was oxidized to Co3+. Whereas experiment 3 involved reduction which reduced VO5+ to VO4+. At the beginning of each experiments, we heated up the sample in open air. It is easier to oxidize the compound than reduce the compound in the presence of oxygen. So, we need more time to heated the V2O5. During the first time of experiment three, I failed to get a blue color solid powder. This is because I heated the sample in the open air and I failed to control the heater. So, after the filtration process, I got a white solid powder. Therefore, I learnt from the mistake and during the second time I used reflux method. This time I can control the heating process well. The ethanol was not evaporated much. After filtration, I got quite a lot of blue solid powder. So, I knew that, for reduction process, we cannot heat the sample too quickly and heat too long. If we heated too long, most of the product will evaporate. Next, from the FTIR spectrum, I can observe that the spectrum from the first and third experiment are quite similar. This is because, the peak from the spectrum are mostly from the acetylacetonato (acac). However, spectrum from experiment two is quite different from other experiment because mostly the peaks come from Cl compared to other experiments. The percentage yield of the complexes from all the three experiment that I have calculate out was not so high. This is maybe due to the washing of the product with acetone, some of the product was dissolved and washed away. However, there are other factors which cause problem to our results. First, most of the heating plate we used cannot function well. I changed many heating plate during the experiment. Next, we have kept our half way done sample for more than 7 days. The results may not be so accurate anymore. Another factor maybe due to the volume and amount of the sample and other material we measure are not accurate. Our product may contain some impurities. However, some of the precaution was taken during the experiment. In these experiments, some of the chemical was corrosive and poisonous such as concentrated HCl and H2SO4. So, we poured the chemical carefully in the fume board. Next, before using any instrument, we read through the manual to understand the steps to function the magnetic susceptibility balance. We also taken down some important steps to function the FTIR spectrophotometer. I have asked some help from lab assistant on where to get the material for experiment. Conclusion The percentage yield for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 40.67%, chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is 58.98% and (acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV) is 64.12%. For tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III), the peak for two Mn-O bond are at the region approximately 678.1 cm-1 and 458.3 cm-1. For chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride, the peak for Co-N bond is at 669.2 cm-1 while Co-Cl bond is at 486.2 cm-1. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), the peak for V=O bond is at 997.4 cm-1 region. Magnetic Susceptibility for tris(acetylacetonato)manganese(III) is 2.65 x 10-5 and it is paramagnetic. Besides, Magnetic Susceptibility for chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride is -9.93x 10-8 and is diamagnetic. For bis(acetylacetonato)oxovanadium(IV), magnetic susceptibility for impure complex and pure complex are 4.17X 10-6 and 5.53X 10-6 respectively. They are paramagnetic.

Study On British Airways And Iberia Airlines Merger Management Essay

Study On British Airways And Iberia Airlines Merger Management Essay This case study seeks to explore why MA is taking place between British airways and Iberian airlines, taking into consideration globalisation, rationalisation and modularisation. Introduction British airways are U.K incorporated airline firm and is known for its world-class services in the airline industry. It was formed in the 1970s as the result of a merger between BOAC (British Overseas Airways Corporation) and BEA (British European Airways).From the past three decades British airways has been the flag career airline of the United Kingdom. The main headquarter is located near to  London Heathrow Airport. British airways is the largest airline in the UK based on the size of its fleet, international flights and international destinations. On the other hand Iberian airlines are Spain based airline firm and are the countrys largest air transport group and the fourth-largest in Europe. Iberia is listed in the Ibex 35 of Spanish stock market. It is the only European Airline to report a profit continuously till past 13 years and one of the three airlines to be listed in Dow Jones Stock index. In addition, the company carries its social responsibility in a better and a distinguished manner. From the year 1927 the airline is operating its business successfully and conducts mainly three operations: Transport of passengers  and  cargo Aircraft maintenance Handling  services in airports Both the airlines firms have had their share of success but are now facing a number of industrial problems due to recession and globalisation. Problems of the companies There used to be a time when British airways (BA) was said as the worlds favourite airline, as its banners conceitedly confirmed. However, taking the present economic scenario BA is undergoing a number of problems in the industry. British airways are still struggling with the legacy of state ownership even after it has been privatised for last twenty years. Even recession has hard-hit the airline industry and to overcome the losses that British airlines had faced during recession; it had decided to cut down on its cost by reducing cabin crew and by discouraging an increase in the salary. However this acted as a catalyst in the industrial disputes and the effect of which is still very much felt in the daily business of BA; there have been a number of deadlocks and strikes within the airlines which have left passengers to decide on for other airlines.(ECONOMIST, 2009). Due to economic crisis business coming from North American routes was hard-hit due to a fall in the business-class travel. However, this could be recovered with the recovery of American economy as well as reviving the long-haul travel which makes a major part of BA profits. One of BAs major problems is Pension Deficit. BA has also been facing tough competition from low-cost airlines that have been providing customers with cheaper fares on short-haul travel. So, the only cure to overcome such losses is seen in creating or teaming up with a low cost partner. (ECONOMIST, 2009) Iberian airlines have been suffering from lower air cost travel demand as well. It has reported a trouncing of 16.4 million euro in the third quarter compared to revenue of 30.4 million euro earned in the earlier quarter. The standard fares of this airline have declined by 14% and even the load factor i.e. how filled the air-crafts are, declined to as much as 1.1% points to 82.1%. To cope up with the credit crunch it has decided to freeze the wages for 2010 and 2011 thus enhancing annual savings up to 37 million euro by 2011. It also plans to create new airline to cater to the needs of the traffic of Madrid Hub. (MENAFN, 2009) British airways decided to join hands with Iberian airlines as a result of credit crunch. By coming together they would come in the league of big European airlines. The merger with the Spain based airlines was looked upon as an appealing blend a year ago. However, taking the present state of affairs it seems to be worth a joint rescue process. This is so because both of their airlines economies are still under the influence of financial crisis; struggling with costs higher than the income. Iberia is still not moved by Mr. Willie Walshs, chief executive of BA, disagreements with the union. It still holds optimistic view towards BAs major problem of Pension Deficit. However if we consider the articles or the memorandum of the merger which was signed in November 09 between the two companies, Iberia has the right to call of the contract if BA is unable to meet up to the requirements of the trustees concerning the two pension funds. As recalculated on December 14th 09 by the trustees, the shortage of the two funds was declared to be at  £3.7 billion, based on March 31st 09 valuation. Presently BA is putting in cash worth  £131m a year. The Pension Regulator is helping to conclude whether the valuation performed by the trustees is satisfactory or not and what further actions are required to overcome the credit crunch. In this context, Iberian airlines say that it can decide to call of the deal if BA lands up paying more cash. (ECONOMIST, 2009) Airlines mergers and acquisitions are based upon strategies which involves several conditions. Airlines MA is beneficial for both travellers and airline employees. The issues which are considered while aviation MA are time, approvals, efficiency, competition, passenger benefits, and conflicts. Mergers and acquisition in airline industry is an emerging development across the world. But such MA are extremely planned and several important factors are considered. Such important factors are: The area covered by the airline The services and image of the airline Partnership of the airline with a rival group of airlines. Merger: A strategic plan The BA and Iberia pact will create a carrier of $25 billion, for instance. This deal makes a lot of sense and will cement the leading positions of the big three European network players. The merger seems to take place when the airline sector is badly hit by the decrease in number of passengers and cargo traffic. Apart of that the merger became the need of the hour, British airways reported a 20% decline in revenues to 4.1 billion pounds resulting in an operating loss of 111 million pounds in the six month period ending at September 2009. According to analyst Tony Shepard at the British brokerage firm Charles Stanley, the company is likely to report a 400 million pound loss for its full fiscal year ending in April 2010. British airways important North American routes and business have been hard hit by the collapse in business-class travel. This could bounce back quickly with economic recovery in America and, provided that cost increases from environmental measures are not too onerous; the long-haul travel on which BAs profitability depends should revive in time. But, like all former national carriers in Europe, it is facing devastating competition on its short-haul flights from low-cost airlines. .On the other hand the merger is definitely in need by Iberia also as the airlines faces hardships because airline sector in Spain is facing exceptionally difficult conditions amid the economic crisis and competition from high-speed rail. Iberian airlines financial position is quite weak as the company had plunged into the red in the second quarter of 2009, recording a huge net loss of 72.8 million Euros. Afterwards the company declared its third quarter results where it reported a loss of 16.4 million Euro s (24.4 million dollars. Due to such extreme losses and no signs of recovery in the market, the merger was seen as a best strategic move by Iberia. The planned merger with Iberia, the Spanish airline, looked as if it would be a winning combination a year ago when it was first mooted. Today it seems more like a mutual rescue operation. Both airlines national economies are still in the doldrums; both firms are struggling with costs greater than their revenues. It is also reasonably sanguine about BAs other big problem: its enormous pension deficit. But according to the merger memorandum signed, Iberia can call off the wedding if BA cannot reach a satisfactory agreement with the trustees of its two pension funds. As on 9th November 2009 there was an official announcement that both of them (British airways and Iberian airlines) reached an initial agreement for a merger which is planned to be completed by late 2010.As per the market this merger, which will need the European Commissions s eal of approval, will lead to the creation of the worlds third biggest airline. The deal would see the new company being split with Iberia being allocated a 45% stake and BA the remaining 55%. The new business would have 419 aircraft and over 200 destinations. In their last financial years, their joint revenues are approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬15 billion. The airlines believe there is a compelling strategic rationale for the transaction, which is expected to generate annual synergies of approximately à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400 million, and benefit both companies shareholders, customers and employees. The new group will combine the two companies leading positions in the UK and Spain and enhance their strong presence in the international long haul markets, while retaining the individual brands and current operations of each airline. In July 2008 there was news of pair being in talks for an all-share merger. But, because of issues such as the balance of control and the size of BAs pension-fund deficit the discussions were put at a stop. Market situation As per the current market scenario passenger traffic appears to have stabilized, and airlines have been able to convince their workforces that the industry is in crisis, pushing through some labour concessions and reducing capacity. BA is making genuine progress in lowering costs, says analyst Nick Cunningham of Evolution Securities. As per the British airways ongoing activities it seems the situation of the company has started improving after announcement of the merger, the company has recapitalized; following a convertible bond offering over the summer last year and now has a cash balance of 1.5 billion pounds. In addition the company has seen an increase in long haul flights which is one of the major areas where airline companies make most of the profit. But still after all the positive changes British airways still face a number of issues related to their workforce. Competitors in the market have a very mixed reaction towards the merger of both the airline. Virgin Atlantic which as per the market view faces the biggest competition from this merger its official said in a statement that the merger will increase BAs dominance at Heathrow with 44% of takeoff and landing slots this winter, and added its impossible for any other airline to replicate their scale. Other airline companies have the view that the deal could actually help them win business. Michael OLeary, CEO of discount Irish carrier Ryanair, told CNBC that the deal was like two drunks holding each other up on the way home. All you get when you put two high-fare, loss-making airlines together is even higher fares and even bigger losses. Mr. Leary operates a regional carrier and doesnt compete on long-haul flights against carriers like BA. Though these statement can be said as speculation in one sense as the true effect of this merger is still to be seen. But as per in a public announcemen t by BA chief executive Willie Walsh The merger will create a strong European airline well able to compete in the 21st century. The deal would create Europes second biggest airline by stock market capitalisation, and third biggest by income, with around 60 million passengers per year, As per market experts. The Times quoted various news on different dates regarding job cuts which were likely at existing head offices in London and Madrid, in maintenance facilities and the merged sales forces. In review of news Mr. Walsh will be chief executive, and Iberia airlines chairman Mr. Antonio Vazquez will be chairman of the new company to be based in London and listed on the London Stock Exchange. MR.Vazquez hailed the agreement, saying they were laying the foundations of what will be one of the most important airlines in the world, a real global airline.It is said that if the merger results fruitful and the economy begins its recovery in 2010 or maybe 2011 then it will be a major boost to both of them. One thing can be predicted that If the deal gets successfully executed the customers are going to have a wide variety of destinations as BA customers would gain access to up to 59 new destinations, of which 13 will be in Latin America, while Iberias customers would gain up to 98 new destinations across the BA network. In addition to it the effects of merger will result in combined stock market capitalisation of some 4.9 billion Euros (4.3 billion pounds, 7.2 billion dollars). Ways to deal with problems British Airways, the UK flag-carrier pension deficit was revealed and it was found that the deficit was more than double amounting to 3.7 billion pounds at the end of March, which was higher than analysts expected but it is not a bug enough to be a reason for ending up of the merger with Spanish airline Iberia. As told to Reuters by a source in Iberia airlines Were not surprised by this figure. It falls within the expected range, As it is already implied before, BAs pension deficit is the crucial area in the negotiation of merger and Iberia has the right to pull of the merger if the payment of this deficit turns to be too big. Moreover, there are chances that the deficit figure could arise till the time the valuation process is completed in next year in June because as per Britains Pensions Regulator the assumption which is used to calculate the deficit are too optimistic. In view of this BA said in a statement The regulators provisional view is that the technical provisions may be m aterially below a level it feels appropriate, As per the problem the British airways management is trying to figure out different ways to solve the problem. As per in one of the announcements BA said that the company and the pension trustees will work together to develop a recovery plan, a process through which the company will consult its employees and their trade unions and will try to take out a decision from it by the end of June 30, 2010. The strategy which is employed now is to change the nature of any pensions deal BA can strike with its staff and calculating the proportion of gap which can be covered by the company. As said by Deutsche Bank The Company may be forced to renegotiate pension benefits with employees if it is to avoid using more shareholders cash, Merger: Theory Practice The reality that only 20 per cent of the acquisitions actually succeed and the rest erodes shareholder wealth (Grubb and Lamb, 2000) can highly contravene with examples of successful takeovers like Swiss by Lufthansa in 2005.Talking about mergers, they create shareholder value with most of it accruing to the resultant company. One of the important reasons behind merging a company is that it helps in increasing shareholders value much above the sum total of the two companies.(Watson and Head,2007) The optimistic impact of mergers extends to and involves economies of scale or synergies, helps to gain power in the markets by creating monopolies, manages agency costs and manages risk for undiversified managers ( Gregor Anrade, Mark Mitchell, Erik Stafford, 2001). Mergers create synergies, reduce operational costs and enhance market share. On the other hand it results in the genesis of agency problems as the managers can cause mergers for their own benefit. It also results in decentralisation of power that reduces responsibility and accountability. Merger which can be defined as when two (or possibly more) business combine. In other words one can say that merger is defined as a situation when two companies/firms decide by mutual agreement to combine the businesses. The term takeover holds a different meaning in comparison to merger. It means when a larger business takes over control of a smaller business and the smaller business gets immersed by the larger business. But in todays era it is not cleared that whether the business has been merged or it has been taken over. According to the relationship between the businesses being merged, mergers and takeovers can be divided into three parts and they are : Horizontal merger occurs when two businesses in the similar industry, and at the Same point in the production process decides to combine. Vertical merger occurs when two businesses in the similar industry, but at different points in the same production process decide to combine. Conglomerate merger occurs when two businesses in unrelated industries decide to combine. As it can be implied from the academic studies supporting the article the merger between British airways and Iberia airlines is Horizontal type of merger as both the companies are from the airlines sector leading to same production process and they have got high presence at international level. According to research, the last few years werent an acceptable period for the air line industry as a result of rapidly increasing fuel costs and due to economic downturn. Airline mergers and acquisitions have clustered and most of the airline bosses exclaimed consolidation is inescapable. The prominent examples of merger and acquisition in the industry are Air France KLM in 2003, Swiss- Lufthansa in 2005, US Airways-America West in 2005 and Delta- Northwest in 2008. The Europeans lead the way in establishing mega-carriers. By revenue Air France-KLM is the world leader with $34 billion, followed by the Lufthansa Group at $30 billion. (The Mating Game.  Airline Business, 02687615, Jan2009, Vol. 25, Issue 1). At the same time, US Airways and America West merger drained their expenses by over $250 million a year and created a company better able to weather $100-a-barrel oil. US  Airways, the nations fifth-largest carrierearned $427 million on revenue of $11.7 billion. (A Cautionary Tale for Airline Mergers, Palmeri, Christopher, Business Week; 3/17/2008) Therefore it can be determined that mergers and acquisitions had sustained airline industry during the economic downturn achieving significant synergies and economies of scale. Although the mergers and acquisitions prevented air lines from liquidation, adverse impacts can also be emphasized. Even US Airways exists bankruptcy; the expanded company still face the internal struggle of affiliating two separate airlines. The main obstacles are employee dissatisfaction and customer complaints (A Cautionary Tale for Airline Mergers, Palmeri, Christopher, Business Week; 3/17/2008 ) However the worlds airlines are forming themselves into huge alliances. Does this matter? Yes: the risk is that the airline industry is moving from one extreme and its time to worry about the competition. Conclusion According to our studies and research it can be seen the airline industry has been hit by the economic downturn. They struggled with the cost hikes higher than their incomes. Both the airlines have been faced by the problems of industrialization and globalization, the competition of other airlines such as low cost airlines and rail services like Euro Star. Most of the airlines restructured and merged and gave them a competition as well. Pension black hole is one of the main current problems occurring in the British airways and some of the analysts say that they need more time to recover from the deficit than their estimated time of 2016.(in practice)Longer time is required for the closure of the deficit according to some analysts. But in the situations of cash in hock the company can consider making non-cash contributions such as non-monetary incentives instead of cash. If the company utilizes its assets for pension funds it might cripple the company with the same forces reducing its net worth. The impeccable size of the deficit is not known by the BA and at the same time they have released before announcing the recovery plan the size of the deficit effectively. However, airline and trustees are now working together to develop a recovery plan to negotiate with employees and trade unions. Unless and until BA manages come up with a solution to determine the pension deficit the merger will remain unsettled.

Anorexia and Bulimia Essay -- Causes of Bulimia, Eating Disorders

Anorexia and Bulimia: A Concise Overview As many as 20% of females in their teenage and young adult years suffer from anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa (Alexander-Mott, 4). Males are also afflicted by these eating disorders, but at a much lower rate, with a female to male ratio of six to one. Those with anorexia nervosa refuse to maintain a normal body weight by not eating and have an intense fear of gaining weight. People with bulimia nervosa go through periods of binge eating and then purging (vomiting), or sometimes not purging but instead refraining from eating at all for days. Both of these disorders wreak havoc on a person's body and mental state, forcing them to become emaciated and often depressed. There is no known exact cause of either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but many factors play a role in the initial onset, such as: personality traits, low self-esteem, and social and cultural influences (Costin, 21). Many anorexics have specific personality traits that urge them to refrain from eating. Many are perfectionists that will diet and exercise and not eat until their bodies are perfect. Unfortunately, however, he or she never thinks their body is perfect, and continues their destructive cycle. Anorexics that are perfectionists also tend to want to be in control at all times. Often , they feel as though others are trying to force them to do Breaux 2 things, and so, take complete control of their bodies. Marcia, an anorexic, wrote in her diary "I am in control; people are just jealous because I have will power" (D., 6). Another factor is low self-esteem. One anorexic said of her low self-esteem, "My goal in life was to please; like a chameleon, I'd change to suit whomever I was with. I always felt I was in the way†¦" (D., 1). Anorexics with low self-esteem often feel they are worthless and do not deserve to eat. Not only do they not eat, but they constantly berate themselves with insults. They hate their bodies, and cannot realize their true appearance, instead seeing a distorted image. When she weighed a mere 98 pounds, Marcia told herself, "You are a pig. You are disgusting. You must suffer" (D., 5). Bulimics also suffer from low self-esteem and feel ashamed of their behavior. Feeling guilty after eating is a co... ...orted self-image, low self-esteem, and a need for control. "Eating disorders are not about food or weight but about a disordered 'sense of self' looking for approval and finding it, however Breaux 5 temporarily, in the pursuit of thinness or the comfort of food" (Costin, 48). Treatment is an option for anorexics and bulimics, though it can take years, and sometimes it never succeeds. Hopefully, though, friends and loved ones of anorexics and bulimics will see the warning signs and seek help for them. Bibliography Alexander-Mott, LeeAnn. Understanding Eating Disorders. Washington, D.C.: Taylor & Francis Ltd., 1994. Costin, Carolyn. The Eating Disorder Sourcebook. Los Angeles, CA: Lowell House, 1996. K.D.K. "My Story." Online. March 3, 2000 <http://www.dana.ucc.nau.edu/ ~kdk2/mystory.html> D., Marcia. "My Story." Online. March 3, 2000 <http://www.members. Tripod.com/~MarciaD/index.html> Thayne, Becky. Hope and Recovery. New York, New York: Emma Lou Thayne, 1992.

The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Essay -- Health Medicine Biology

The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Scientists in fields connected to neurobiology and psychiatry remain mystified about the cause of Conversion Disorder. The disorder is characterized by physical symptoms of a neurological disorder, yet no direct problem can be found in the nervous system or other related systems of the body. This fact alone is not unusual; many diseases and symptoms have unknown origins. Conversion Disorder, however, seems to stem from "trivial" to traumatic psychological events and emotions rather than biological events. The extreme symptoms often disappear as quickly as they appear without the patient consciously controlling or feigning them. Thus, Conversion Disorder serves as a significant example of how blurred the conceived demarcated divisions of mind/body/behavior can be. Conversion Disorder is diagnosed solely by its physical symptoms seen in patients. Symptoms can be divided up into three groups: sensory, motor and visceral. Sensory symptoms include anesthesia, analgesia, tingling, and blindness. Motor symptoms may consist of disorganized mobility, tremors, tics, or paralysis of any muscle groups including vocal cords. Visceral functions include spells of coughing, vomiting belching, and trouble swallowing (1). Most of these symptoms are strikingly similar to existing neurological disorders that have definitive organic causes. Conversion Disorder, on the other hand, defies the nerve patterns and functions from which the symptoms should follow. CT scans and MRIs of patients with Conversion Disorder exclude the possibility of a lesion in the brain or spinal cord, an electroencephalograph rules out a true seizure disorder, and spinal fluid eliminates the possibility of infections or ot... ...ies in the seeming dichotomy between mind and body. This dichotomy however remains a created one for the benefit of our own understanding. Yet, in the case of Conversion Disorder, delineated scientific thinking seems to have prevented our understanding rather than facilitating it; by inspecting the trees, we are missing the forest. References 1)PsychNet-UK http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/conversion_disorder 2)Emedicine: Instant access to the minds of medicine., Dufel, Susan M.D. "Conversion Disorder". http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic112.htm 3)Parobek, Virginia M."Distinguishing conversion disorder from neurologic impairment".Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 04/97. Volume 29. Number 2. p. 128. Infotrack: Expanded Academic , scroll down to E-journals, select Science Direct and search for title http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/Docs/biology.html The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Essay -- Health Medicine Biology The Hysteria Over Conversion Disorder Scientists in fields connected to neurobiology and psychiatry remain mystified about the cause of Conversion Disorder. The disorder is characterized by physical symptoms of a neurological disorder, yet no direct problem can be found in the nervous system or other related systems of the body. This fact alone is not unusual; many diseases and symptoms have unknown origins. Conversion Disorder, however, seems to stem from "trivial" to traumatic psychological events and emotions rather than biological events. The extreme symptoms often disappear as quickly as they appear without the patient consciously controlling or feigning them. Thus, Conversion Disorder serves as a significant example of how blurred the conceived demarcated divisions of mind/body/behavior can be. Conversion Disorder is diagnosed solely by its physical symptoms seen in patients. Symptoms can be divided up into three groups: sensory, motor and visceral. Sensory symptoms include anesthesia, analgesia, tingling, and blindness. Motor symptoms may consist of disorganized mobility, tremors, tics, or paralysis of any muscle groups including vocal cords. Visceral functions include spells of coughing, vomiting belching, and trouble swallowing (1). Most of these symptoms are strikingly similar to existing neurological disorders that have definitive organic causes. Conversion Disorder, on the other hand, defies the nerve patterns and functions from which the symptoms should follow. CT scans and MRIs of patients with Conversion Disorder exclude the possibility of a lesion in the brain or spinal cord, an electroencephalograph rules out a true seizure disorder, and spinal fluid eliminates the possibility of infections or ot... ...ies in the seeming dichotomy between mind and body. This dichotomy however remains a created one for the benefit of our own understanding. Yet, in the case of Conversion Disorder, delineated scientific thinking seems to have prevented our understanding rather than facilitating it; by inspecting the trees, we are missing the forest. References 1)PsychNet-UK http://www.psychnet-uk.com/dsm_iv/conversion_disorder 2)Emedicine: Instant access to the minds of medicine., Dufel, Susan M.D. "Conversion Disorder". http://www.emedicine.com/emerg/topic112.htm 3)Parobek, Virginia M."Distinguishing conversion disorder from neurologic impairment".Journal of Neuroscience Nursing. 04/97. Volume 29. Number 2. p. 128. Infotrack: Expanded Academic , scroll down to E-journals, select Science Direct and search for title http://www.brynmawr.edu/Library/Docs/biology.html

MLB Salary Cap Is Needed Essay -- essays research papers

Anyone who has been involved in an organized sport, whether it is backyard football or a high school sports team, knows that these sports all have organizations that are responsible for setting rules, determining conditions of play, and penalizing individuals who infringe the rules. Some of the organizations like the National Football league and the MLB are familiar to most people, the rules they follow are not generally understood by anyone who is not closely associated with the sport. Most fans and sport critics assume that what is happening inside these organizations are of little concern to them. However, this is not the case. In the MLB, the New York Yankees spend an excessive amount of money every year to obtain big name players. A luxury tax was put into effect for teams that go over the spending limit. However, the Yankees are the only team that pays the tax because they are the only team that exceeds the spending limit. The players, coaches, fans, and I have argued that a s alary cap would be the best possible way to allow teams in the Major Leagues an equal opportunity getting to the World Series. For the last 30 years, the New York Yankees have been a dominant force in Major League Baseball. Other teams do not make as much money as the New York Yankees therefore they have less capital to spend on big name players. In 1994, the Major Leagues put the luxury tax into place. The idea was to tax a club’s payroll if the total payroll exceeded a certain limit. However, the Yankees seem to exceed this limit every year. The Yankees are a notable team not only for their impressive history on the field, but also for their financial situation. The Yankees owner spends more on player salaries than any other franchise in baseball. â€Å"As of 2004, the team payroll is more than $182 million, which is $51 million more than the second-highest team, the Boston Red Sox, and more than the six lowest-payroll teams combined† (Wikipedia Encyclopedia†). The millions of people who are associated with baseball in this country, many of whom had only a vague idea of what was happeni ng, are now asking themselves whether or not the game is being played fairly. Even though teams like the New York Yankees are able to assemble top-notch teams by ignoring the spending limit, a salary cap is necessary to maintain the equal competitive nature of major leag... ...uld be acceptable would be to issue a salary cap like every other major sport in America. The NFL and NBA were forced to have a salary cap and we haven't seen a dominant team like the Yankees since the Celtics in the 50's and 60's. Every year there is usually a different "dominant" team and the Super Bowl and NBA Championship is always up for grabs. Attendance is slowly declining in the MLB because people do not want to support their home teams when in reality, they will lose to the usual dominant high paid teams. This is not fair to any sports fan and the only acceptable solution to keep attendance high and ratings up is to issue a salary cap. Selig, Bud. â€Å"Baseball Almanac Biography.† January 12, 2001. [http://www.baseball-almanac.com/articles/budseligs_biography.shtml] Staudohar, Paul D. â€Å"Salary Cap in Professional Sports† June 21, 1998 [http://www.bls.gov/opub/cwc/archive/spring1998art1.pdf] George Bob. â€Å"Money Battle† December 1, 2000 â€Å"Wikipedia Encyclopedia.† Accesses November 27, 2004 [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page] Steinbrenner, George. â€Å"Steinbrenner Speaks To the Press† September 21, 2002 [www.baseballjunkies.com/articles/2001/april/seasontalk.html]

Determining The Longetivity Of E.Coli’s Gaining Resistance Ability: A Comparison Between The Bacteriophage T-4 And Antibiotic

The surfacing of a variety of drugs for resisting antibiotic for disease-inflicting bacteria has already been a big issue and at the same a vital dilemma in treating all types of human diseases. This immediately requires another option, a substitute way of providing therapy to the human diseases. It has been found in previous researches and experiments the wonders of having bacteriophages highly considered to be â€Å"healing viruses. † John MacGregor (2003) has brought up an intriguing issue regarding bacteriophages when he wrote his research article entitled â€Å"Set A Bug To Catch A Bug†.Apart from the title, his words were â€Å"As the power of antibiotic wanes, viruses that hijack bacteria and smash them into pieces could be the answer to our prayers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . He explained in his article the possibilities of replacing antibiotics as the solution to a lot of virus-causing diseases including virus infections. Bacteriophages were first discovered by a British c hemist named E. H. Hankin. It was considered to be a virus in 1915 by Frederick Twort, a British bateriologisy. The occurrence of that first intrigue found by Dr.Hankin paved its way for more discoveries performed by a Canadian microbiologist named Felix d’Herelle. He agreed with Twort when he also considered it to be a virus and then later he named it as a â€Å"bacteriophage†. Upon his successful experimentations, he was confident that these bacteriophages will be very helpful and at the same time when he used them with the children who were almost dying dysentery at a hospital in Paris. The test solutions were distributed to every patient hoping that it will be effective, and fortunately, these cured the children for just one night.With D’Herelle’s primary success, the use of phage therapy was further studied. From then on, the advantages it provides were widely spread globally. These page therapies are utilized in a variety of ways. It can be taken or given topically, orally, can be injected, using enemas and aerosols. Diseases that were treated by this phage therapy included urinary tract infections, typhoid and cholera. The use of phage therapy slowly faded when AMA or the American Medical Association reported contradictory results of using phages. Antibiotic age came in when penicillin was discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1982.Fleming’s discovery flourished for 20 years making the phage therapy out of sight. But still a lot of microbiologists became very attractive to what bacteriophages could provide medically, improving different aspects of health and curing more diseases. There was a time after the Communist era when phages were considered to be the â€Å"last resort† antibiotics when the decline for antibiotics took place. This was indeed an alarming situation worldwide. But this did not become hindrance in reviving the hidden attributes of bacteriophages.Bacteriophages are defined by Toronto, Funke and Ca se (2001) as viruses that host in bacteria and in bacterial cultures, they can be grown easily. This has been significant since bacteriophages are the main sources of multiplying viruses. How do bacteriophages multiply? The basic procedure in which multiplication of viruses happens is just the same as the other viruses and it is not affected by any means by which the entering and the exiting of a virus into a host cell differs. Most life cycles of a virus are difficult to understand but a bacteriophage is an exception.They are the easiest to be learned and be understood. Bacteriophages, also called â€Å"phages†, can be multiplied using two substitute processes. The first one is called the lytic cycle which leaves the host cell to a lysis or death. The second one is called the lysogenic cycle where the host cell lives. T-even bacteriophages such as T2, T4 and T6 are the phage types that are most studied. Using the bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) as a host, with the use o f lytic cycle, multiplication of the T-even bacteriophages can be demonstrated easily from one process to another.There are 5 stages involved starting from attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation and release. During the first stage, attachment, the particles of the bactriophage and the bacteria collide. A chemical connection occurs between the attachment site from the virus and the bacterial cells’ complementary receptor site. A chemically produced interaction from the connection enables bonds that are weak to be formed from the two sites by using their fibered tail ends. During the stage of penetration, DNA is being injected by the T-even bacteriophages into the bacterium after connecting occurs.This is done when an enzyme called the phage lysozyme is released by the tail of the bacteriophage which in turn destroys the walls of the bacterial cell. In the penetration process, the phage’s sheath tail contracts and the core of the tail enters the cell wall. If the core’s tip has already reached the plasma membrane, the DNA from the head of the bacteriophage will pass through the tail core, it will eventually enter the bacterial cell. During the stage of biosynthesis, the DNA of the bacteriophage will initiate synthesis direction of the components of the virus by the host cell.Once the components of the virus are being put in place and are brought together into virions, the maturation stage occurs. When the lyses of the host cell and the new virions have already been released, it is referred to as the release stage (Toronto, Funke and Case; 2001). Bacteriophages have been found to exhibit a lot of features. They are tested to be of big use with local infections in relation to poor supply of blood like diabetic ulcers and infections of the bone. Unlike antiobiotics, these phages were keenly observed to multiply inside their host cell which enables them to penetrate more deeply to the area being infected.Another distinguishing feature of phage therapies is its ability to inflict no allergies, resulting to a fewer side effects. Phage therapies in addition are easier and are cheaper to produce than antibiotics. On the other hand, bacteriophages have their limitations concerning their fatality once they have already killed the harmful bacteria. But these issues should not lower the hopes of the society depending on the future developments of phages. In an interview (Society for Gen. Micro. , 2008), they have shared that modern scientists and researchers have already found ways of prolonging the lifespan of viruses.This new and possible idea is by combining them chemically with polymers but still this is limiting since it will likely cause poisoning of the blood and is surely a big threat to one’s life. The main objective of this project is to determine the longetivity of the bacterium Escherichia coli’s gaining resistance ability in two different viral invaders: the bacteriophage T-4 and an antibiotic . At the end of this project, results should report a comparison between these two, answering which has the longest and the most effective invading mechanism. B. METHODS AND PROCEDURES (EXPERIMENT PROTOCOL)Throughout the following procedures of this project, a strict Aseptic Technique will be used. During the whole duration of the experiment, a strict technique called the Aseptic Technique will be applied. According to a web article research, written by Hauswirth and Sherk (2007), they defined the aseptic technique as an accumulation of unique practices acquired and a set of processes undergone whose conditions are carefully controlled with an objective of minimizing pathogen contamination. In any type of clinical setting, the technique is used to maximize and stabilize pathogenic organisms’ absence.Its main goal is to simply protect a patient from infection and cease any possible spreading to other body parts. Prevention of infections are not achieved simply by sanitizing or disinfecting. In about more than 27 million surgical operations, surgical sites are the third most prone to more hospital infections prolonging, in effect, the hospital stay of the patient and at the same time, hospital bills become so expensive. The estimate was according to CDC or Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Hauswirth and Sherk, 2007).The main objective of performing this experiment is to identify the required length of time for a common bacterium called Escherichia coli (E. coli) to achieve its maximum log phase growth. When these cells have already arrived in its expression of maximum amount of bacteriophage receptors, it will eventually lead to an immediate vulnerability to infection. The bacterium E. coli must always be utilized at this stage of growth all through out the procedures to be able to achieve desirable results upon comparing of two different experiments.In beginning the procedures of the experiment, first, an overnight growth of culture will be prep ared to be able to supply the growth curve with inoculum. The growth of the culture will be done in a shaking incubator with a temperature of 37 degrees Centigrade. The culture preparation will also be dependent on what culture is available, its slope, its colony or plate, and inoculate broth of the culture. Second, a 1 ml of culture that will be prepared overnight and a 99 ml of inoculate nutrient broth (NB) will be taken and will be placed in a flask that is sterilized and flat-bottomed type.Through a process called resuspension, a sterilized tube containing a sample of 5 ml will be gently swirled, will be collected and will be marked Time Zero. The sterilized flat-bottomed flask will be placed inside the shaking incubator. Third, samples containing 5 ml each will be collected at a per hour interval. This will be done for 8 consecutive 8 hours and will be marked Time 1, Time 2, Time 3, Time 4 . . . Time 8. All samples will be stored at +4 degrees Centigrade. Fourth, the remains of the culture that has been prepared overnight will be left for one more night.At exactly 9 am the next day, a last sample of the culture remains will be collected. Fifth, from a sample of 400 nm and another sample of 450 nm, the OD of each sample will be measured. The LB or NB will be used but will be left blank if necessary. If in case, the OD will exceed 1. 0, both sample 1 and sample 2 that were used in LB and NB will be diluted and will be read for the second time. Sixth, the strict aseptic technique will be used in preparing for colony counts in each sample. The amount of workable cells (per ml) will be identified.Seventh, plotting will be done. A growth curve will be plotted and both the cell number and time will be involved in doing this. Eighth, another growth curve will be plotted. This time cell number and OD will be involved in the plotting. Ninth, the required time to reach the midway of the log phase growth will be identified. In doing this, cells within the time length , identified prior to the succeeding experiment, will be grown. Tenth and last step of these experiment procedures, the connection between the cells and the OD will be analyzed.All results acquired all through out the process of this experiment will be recorded and will be evaluated accordingly. References: Hauswirth, K. & Sherk, S. D. (2007) Aseptic Technique [Internet]. Available from < http://www. surgeryencyclopedia. com/A-Ce/Aseptic-Technique. html> [Accessed 8 May 2008] Tortora, Funke & Case (2001) Microbiology: An Introduction. 7th ed. Addison-Wesley Longman, Inc. Craigie, J. (2002) The Significance and Applications of Bacteriophage in Bacteriological and Virus Research [Internet]. Available from [Accessed 8 May 2008]

Discussion about the Play “A Raisin in the Sun” Essay

If the dreams between people clashed in a way that their desires are going towards different unparallel directions, will it be a significant factor that can suggest that the dream will no longer be achieved? Or will it remain to be a matter of what to do and dependent with the ability to adapt with all the situations – To create a new one or to stay as a victim of the failure that happened? Moreover, it can be the test of whether the dream will be created by a person or the situations like failures will create the dreamers. Either way, it is up to the dreamer which one he will allow to happen. The play A Raisin in the Sun portrayed a family bound with dreams, subjected for possibility and risks of failures and tended to stand up once again to bound themselves again with different dreams and start all over. Situations had become too oppressive that they found themselves sometimes, in the midst of dilemmas that are more likely to be considered as lack of options. Each members of the family has repressed wish that distinguished their character from another. In a way, this is the typical American family with their economical and social structure and reacting normally with the involvement of the other big factor that made the twist of the story – the factor of Money. With the flow of the story, the struggles the family had in dealing with their situations after the death of the father caused them to create the ideal situations in their head of what needs to be done. There remained their intentions to have better life for their family and better life for themselves individually. This later tested their grasp with their family ties. With the individual conception of what is good, what can only go wrong is the inability to be in alignment of what you wanted with what other family members wanted. It can also become a consequent question of whether you hold fast to your dreams or hold on to the bigger picture of what needs to be done as part of the family (Mintz and Kellogg 38). The characters of the play supplied the dreamers role and collectively, a set of contrasting roles carrying ideas and subjects. Set in mid 1800’s, the story was centered in the dreams of the Younger Family and clashes with prejudices that the characters had as they strive to have a better position in their community as a whole. Perspective to be used in the Analysis There are schools of thoughts that are highly applicable with the study of the family being portrayed in this play written by Lorraine Hansberry: first, we can see it in the perspective using functionalism or second, it can be through interactionism. Later, this will be used to reveal how the dreams are being formed and what the motivations that determined the creation of these dreams are. These are the schools that traced the families in America with their way of being developed, managed and designed. The material variable in the family structure can be seen through the role they are playing and be analyzed objectively. Also, we can also see it from the perspective of an interactionist who is primarily concerned with the way the people are acting in response to other people or situations. Yes, these schools have difference with the primary objects of their concern, but essentially they contribute with the thorough understanding with the functions and interactions aspect of a family (Hamilton 47). It can give us the ideas of where the dreams of the characters in the story are actually directed. The Dreamers, their Motivations, and the Clash It all started with Ten Thousand Dollars. The characters of the play provided the audiences with the humanistic range of possible thought process that can be derived from a single source of stimulus. There was an emphasis given earlier with the role of Money in this story for this is the stimulus that moved the characters to make their stand. The money pertains to the $10,000 insurance amount that Lena Younger, the maternal character not just a mother figure, got after her husband passed away. Lena is also called Mama in the story and she possessed the maternal qualities that exhibit a picture of a loving, caring, and understanding woman. Such a woman only has one goal in life – To make her children happy or happier with all of her ability. The material figure that conveyed this goal of Mama is the house that she bought for $3,000. It symbolizes the unity, stability, and economical status that she believes to be important for her family (Morrin and Hansberry 35-38). The picture of the house portrayed the whole dream of Lena. It extends from the social ground of its manifestation to the subtle emotion a mother could possibly feel. This dream clashes with her son’s concerns. Walter, the son, has concerns about the Money that can be categorized as the dream for continuous economic stability of the family. When it comes with the nature of his character, he can be the figure that represents masculine authority of the story. He supplied the protagonist role but with his racial prejudices paired with his conflicts while performing both role of a son and a husband makes him supply his own contrast as an antagonist. Walter became not excited about the house bought by Mama. He has ulterior motives for the money and had a clear image in his mind on what to do with the money. For quite a long time, he has a dream of participating in a business involved in Liquor products (Morrin and Hansberry 47). As a masculine role, the story puts more authority in Walter’s hand as he got the control over the Insurance money and managed it. Lena put his trust on Walter and this shows how Lena is more than willing to give whatever her child wants. Though this doesn’t show any touch of negligence in her part. The acquisition process of the dream in this context doesn’t have any conflict yet. The conflict happened with the aftermath of the decision that placed Walter in the position of higher authority with the Money. The first clash of dream is done with the two given characters and the structure of both dreams must be observed carefully. We can notice the function of money ranges from how it fueled the quest for the dream to the conflict the two characters had. The conflict didn’t last since one of these two dreams was restructured. Lena, whose dream is to provide what her children wanted still managed to achieve it in a way by fueling Walter’s procedure of achieving his dream. There was a conflict because the functions of the house Lena bought don’t go with the alignment of Walter’s dream. It was settled because Lena followed that alignment as a response without violating her desires that is basically structured solely for the happiness of her children. The other child of Lena is Beneatha, the twenty year old woman, who had dream of being a physician. She is considered as intellectual and also an ambitious college student and required Money for the matriculation of the course. The conflicts Beneatha had are related to the money she required for her education and this is directed to Walter who has the control over it. Her sole dream of becoming a doctor will be compromised without the money. She got mad at Walter when she learned that Walter did not put any amount for her study. It seems like a big turnaround from all of her aspirations and she went depressed. This clash is apparently hard for Beneatha since, if money is the fuel for her actions in making her dreams realized, then it is a big contrast to have none of it. Her dream almost vanished. How did she turn out to continue seeing hoe despite of what happened? There is another character named Asagai who became the voice of realization. He made Beneatha realized the key thing about this vision of the dream she formed in her head. The dream had already been in her thoughts even prior to the death of his father, so it means that equating money to her dream is a big nuisance. It would be similar to the terrible equation of his father’s death hand in hand with the money. This showed that there remained to be ways on how it could be fulfilled without that so-called fuel of money. It can be money coming from different source instead. Beneatha realized this important thing, found her hope, continued dreaming. With the structure of their dreams, it is apparent that money equates house, then money equates liquor store and finally, money equated matriculation. With its many form, money remained to be the prime motivation that was shown in the play. The big question would be, along this clash of dreams, for how long can money control or determine the actions of the characters? On the mid part of the play, Walter was betrayed by his business partner leaving him with no money. There came the confrontations with Walter and the other characters especially with his wife, Ruth, who was also driven by dreams of having financial stability. It made them start from the scratch and all realizations that they need were established. Money is just a motivation but never a determinant of the quality of life that a harmonious family could have. Moreover, the dreams are manifestations that we are living while seeking whatever we want out of life. Money is not much important although, yes, it rates reasonably as oxygen. Lorraine Hansberry’s approach in tackling the concept of American dream showed that Money can either be seen as a fuel or an obstacle. The dreams that we have though is a picture of what we can do. At the same time as what we can see in the play is the motivation that money can give us but it doesn’t match the quality of motivation that important people can give. Works Cited Hamilton, Peter. Reconsidering Blummer’s Corrective Against the excess of Functionalism. Talcott Parsons: critical assessments. 4 (1992), 47-49 Mintz, Steven and Kellogg, Susan. Domestic revolutions: a social history of American family life. New York: The Free Press, 1988 Morrin, Maxine and Hansberry, Lorraine. A raisin in the sun. USA: Research and Education Association, 1994.